diff --git a/codon/sir/transform/parallel/openmp.cpp b/codon/sir/transform/parallel/openmp.cpp
index 0a4b397b..71dbef3a 100644
--- a/codon/sir/transform/parallel/openmp.cpp
+++ b/codon/sir/transform/parallel/openmp.cpp
@@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ template <typename T> OpenMPTransformData unpar(T *v) {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-OpenMPTransformData setupOpenMPTransform(T *v, BodiedFunc *parent) {
+OpenMPTransformData setupOpenMPTransform(T *v, BodiedFunc *parent, bool gpu) {
   if (!v->isParallel())
     return unpar(v);
   auto *M = v->getModule();
@@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@ OpenMPTransformData setupOpenMPTransform(T *v, BodiedFunc *parent) {
   if (!parent || !body)
     return unpar(v);
   auto outline = util::outlineRegion(parent, body, /*allowOutflows=*/false,
-                                     /*outlineGlobals=*/true);
+                                     /*outlineGlobals=*/true, /*allByValue=*/gpu);
   if (!outline)
     return unpar(v);
 
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ CollapseResult collapseLoop(BodiedFunc *parent, ImperativeForFlow *v, int64_t le
 const std::string OpenMPPass::KEY = "core-parallel-openmp";
 
 void OpenMPPass::handle(ForFlow *v) {
-  auto data = setupOpenMPTransform(v, cast<BodiedFunc>(getParentFunc()));
+  auto data = setupOpenMPTransform(v, cast<BodiedFunc>(getParentFunc()), /*gpu=*/false);
   if (!v->isParallel())
     return;
 
@@ -1516,7 +1516,8 @@ void OpenMPPass::handle(ImperativeForFlow *v) {
     }
   }
 
-  auto data = setupOpenMPTransform(v, parent);
+  auto data =
+      setupOpenMPTransform(v, parent, (v->isParallel() && v->getSchedule()->gpu));
   if (!v->isParallel())
     return;
 
@@ -1529,11 +1530,8 @@ void OpenMPPass::handle(ImperativeForFlow *v) {
   auto *sched = v->getSchedule();
   OMPTypes types(M);
 
-  if (sched->gpu && !sharedVars.empty()) {
-    warn("GPU-parallel loop cannot modify external variables; ignoring", v);
-    v->setParallel(false);
-    return;
-  }
+  // we disable shared vars for GPU loops
+  seqassertn(!(sched->gpu && !sharedVars.empty()), "GPU-parallel loop had shared vars");
 
   // gather extra arguments
   std::vector<Value *> extraArgs;
diff --git a/codon/sir/util/outlining.cpp b/codon/sir/util/outlining.cpp
index fcd8b40c..f04613cc 100644
--- a/codon/sir/util/outlining.cpp
+++ b/codon/sir/util/outlining.cpp
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ struct Outliner : public Operator {
   SeriesFlow *flowRegion;
   decltype(flowRegion->begin()) begin, end;
   bool outlineGlobals;              // whether to outline globals that are modified
+  bool allByValue;                  // outline all vars by value (can change semantics)
   bool inRegion;                    // are we in the outlined region?
   bool invalid;                     // if we can't outline for whatever reason
   std::unordered_set<id_t> inVars;  // vars used inside region
@@ -115,10 +116,11 @@ struct Outliner : public Operator {
 
   Outliner(BodiedFunc *parent, SeriesFlow *flowRegion,
            decltype(flowRegion->begin()) begin, decltype(flowRegion->begin()) end,
-           bool outlineGlobals)
+           bool outlineGlobals, bool allByValue)
       : Operator(), parent(parent), flowRegion(flowRegion), begin(begin), end(end),
-        outlineGlobals(outlineGlobals), inRegion(false), invalid(false), inVars(),
-        outVars(), modifiedInVars(), globalsToOutline(), inLoops(), outFlows() {}
+        outlineGlobals(outlineGlobals), allByValue(allByValue), inRegion(false),
+        invalid(false), inVars(), outVars(), modifiedInVars(), globalsToOutline(),
+        inLoops(), outFlows() {}
 
   bool isEnclosingLoopInRegion(id_t loopId = -1) {
     int d = depth();
@@ -235,6 +237,8 @@ struct Outliner : public Operator {
     for (auto *var : vars) {
       if (!var->isGlobal())
         set.insert(var->getId());
+      else if (inRegion && allByValue && !isA<Func>(var))
+        globalsToOutline.insert(var->getId());
     }
   }
 
@@ -260,6 +264,9 @@ struct Outliner : public Operator {
 
   // mod = shared AND modified in region
   std::unordered_set<id_t> getModVars() {
+    if (allByValue)
+      return {};
+
     std::unordered_set<id_t> modVars, shared = getSharedVars();
     for (auto id : modifiedInVars) {
       if (globalsToOutline.count(id) > 0 || shared.count(id) > 0)
@@ -377,18 +384,18 @@ struct Outliner : public Operator {
 OutlineResult outlineRegion(BodiedFunc *parent, SeriesFlow *series,
                             decltype(series->begin()) begin,
                             decltype(series->end()) end, bool allowOutflows,
-                            bool outlineGlobals) {
+                            bool outlineGlobals, bool allByValue) {
   if (begin == end)
     return {};
-  Outliner outliner(parent, series, begin, end, outlineGlobals);
+  Outliner outliner(parent, series, begin, end, outlineGlobals, allByValue);
   parent->accept(outliner);
   return outliner.outline(allowOutflows);
 }
 
 OutlineResult outlineRegion(BodiedFunc *parent, SeriesFlow *series, bool allowOutflows,
-                            bool outlineGlobals) {
+                            bool outlineGlobals, bool allByValue) {
   return outlineRegion(parent, series, series->begin(), series->end(), allowOutflows,
-                       outlineGlobals);
+                       outlineGlobals, allByValue);
 }
 
 } // namespace util
diff --git a/codon/sir/util/outlining.h b/codon/sir/util/outlining.h
index c711221d..0eb8a9a1 100644
--- a/codon/sir/util/outlining.h
+++ b/codon/sir/util/outlining.h
@@ -51,11 +51,12 @@ struct OutlineResult {
 /// @param end end of outlining (non-inclusive like standard iterators)
 /// @param allowOutflows allow outlining regions with "out-flows"
 /// @param outlineGlobals outline globals as arguments to outlined function
+/// @param allByValue pass all outlined vars by value (can change semantics)
 /// @return the result of outlining
 OutlineResult outlineRegion(BodiedFunc *parent, SeriesFlow *series,
                             decltype(series->begin()) begin,
                             decltype(series->end()) end, bool allowOutflows = true,
-                            bool outlineGlobals = false);
+                            bool outlineGlobals = false, bool allByValue = false);
 
 /// Outlines a series flow from its parent function. The outlined code
 /// will be replaced by a call to the outlined function, and possibly
@@ -64,9 +65,11 @@ OutlineResult outlineRegion(BodiedFunc *parent, SeriesFlow *series,
 /// @param series the series flow on which outlining will happen
 /// @param allowOutflows allow outlining regions with "out-flows"
 /// @param outlineGlobals outline globals as arguments to outlined function
+/// @param allByValue pass all outlined vars by value (can change semantics)
 /// @return the result of outlining
 OutlineResult outlineRegion(BodiedFunc *parent, SeriesFlow *series,
-                            bool allowOutflows = true, bool outlineGlobals = false);
+                            bool allowOutflows = true, bool outlineGlobals = false,
+                            bool allByValue = false);
 
 } // namespace util
 } // namespace ir