"In this video we cover the basic functions of a motherboard, expansion slots, and power supply.",
"Let's quickly review - the 4 basic parts of a computer are the input, like the mouse or the keyboard, the output, which is seen on the monitor or heard on the speakers, the CPU, the central processing unit, and the memory.",
"Now memory can be short term memory, called RAM, or longer term memory.",
"That's usually as a hard drive, but it can also be a CD-ROM or a flash drive, anything like that.",
"In addition to those four basic parts, we have three more things we're going to discuss today: the motherboard, expansion cards, and power supply.",
"The motherboard is what connects everything.",
"While the data's flying around over here trying to figure out where to go, the motherboard helps route it so it goes to the right place.",
"Expansion cards are sound cards, video cards, that kind of thing that can really up your experience as a user.",
"Power supply is, as it sounds, what gets power to the computer.",
"It's usually that part that has a fan on it to keep it from overheating.",
"So let's do a quick review.",
"In addition to the four basic parts of input, output, CPU, and memory, we also usually have a motherboard, expansion cards, and a power supply."
"We discuss what constitutes a chip and why technology gets cheaper every year.",
"In this video we are going to be talking about chips and something called Moore's Law.",
"You've probably noticed over the last 10 or so years, if you're going to go buy an MP3 player, you can get a lot more storage for a lot lower price.",
"You probably have even done the thing where you're at the store and you think, \"Well, I can get one now, or I could wait 6 months and see how far the price has dropped\", which might sound ridiculous but this is actually a trend that's been happening for a long time.",
"Let's talk about what makes a chip.",
"A chip is full of these little things called transistors, which are switches that can either be a 1 or a 0 (noticing a theme here?).",
"All of these transistors fit onto a chip, and that's how it stores information.",
"What makes these chips larger/faster is the amount of transistors on a single chip.",
"Moore's Law is the observation that the amount of transistors fit on each chip has doubled every two years since 1965.",
"This is important because it's making technology more affordable and accessible."
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"Moore's Law is the observation that the number of transistors per chip doubles every 2 years)."
"As of 2015, the pace of Moore's law has indeed slowed. Brian Krzanich, CEO of Intel, announced that 'our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two.'"
"We're going to go into how you decode a number in binary, but as you can probably guess, translating binary can be done with a quick Google search.",
"The most important part of this is you understand the concept that even simple things like 1's and 0's can translate into something really complex that is the basis for all of the computer languages that exist today."
"In network speed, we talk about gigabits per second (one billion bits per second!).",
"The main takeaway here is that speed is usually measured in bits and size is measured in bytes.",
"Additionally, if you have an internet speed that says however many bits per second, keep in mind they are talking about something 8 times less than bytes, how you are thinking about data."
"Binary does more than express numbers - through bytes, it can symbolize all alphanumeric symbols, which can then be interpreted into more complex code.",
"Let's talk about the most basic level that a computer can understand other languages like JavaScript.",
"The most basic thing is a bit, up or down, 1 or 0.",
"After that there's a byte, 8 bits.",
"All numbers (255 and less), letters, and symbols can be translated into bytes that the computer can understand.",
"So, all of the numbers, letters, and symbols in your JavaScript can be translated.",
"There are a lot of languages that computers can work with, and what I want you to get away from this video is that all data in your computer boils down to binary bytes."
"The biggest type is called a super computer, a computer with lots of CPUs that work on the same problem at the same time using a technique called parallel processing.",
"A server holds and accesses lots of data or programs.",
"Free Code Camp is hosted on a server which stores all of that information.",
"Let's talk now about a workstation computer - a computer that may look similar to a personal computer, but has a lot more power and is a lot pricier.",
"Toy Story was built on workstation computers.",
"Now, personal computers are by far the most common.",
"Maybe you've heard \"I'm a Mac!\" or \"I'm a PC!\", something indicating they're different, but really my own personal MacBook is still a PC, a personal computer.",
"The last type of computer we'll talk about is a microcontroller, the type of computer you might have in your car that is really good at a small specialized task, but wouldn't be used the same way a PC would be."
"A little more detail on what constitutes a motherboard and what functionalities are standard in PCs.",
"Today we're going to be talking more about the motherboard.",
"We mentioned it briefly in previous videos, but we'll give some more detail today.",
"What makes a motherboard is the connection between the CPU and the memory - if it doesn't do that, it's not a motherboard.",
"But, most motherboards do a lot more than that.",
"Primarily, they have expansion slots and ports.",
"Expansion slots are where you put anything that can increase the performance of a computer without putting more load on the CPU.",
"For example, a graphics or a sound card would up the user experience by giving better sound or video quality, but it wouldn't slow down the computer.",
"A Network Interface Card could also go in an expansion slot.",
"On your computer, you probably know there's a place to connect USB, FireWire, SD card, Ethernet, even an audio plug-in to listen through headphones.",
"So, if you're using WiFi at Starbucks or at your school, you're probably using a LAN that you can only connect to if you are physically close to it.",
"A WAN (Wide Area Network) is two or more LANs that are connected over long distances.",
"So, maybe a school in Colorado wants to connect to a school in Missouri.",
"They could use a WAN.",
"You might think that these are connected over the internet, and in the case of a VPN (Virtual Private Network, which is basically the same conceptionally as a WAN), you're right.",
"However, it is specific enough that you could Google \"Where's the best ice cream near me\" and Google could give you information close to your location.",
"What I want you take away from this video is that your device, since it has an IP address, can send out a request for information, and that information will get back to your device via servers and routers that comprise the internet.",
"A Content Delivery Network is a system of distributed servers (network) that deliver webpages and other Web content to a user based on the geographic locations of the user, the origin of the webpage and a content delivery server.",
"The goal of a CDN is to establish higher quality network connections.",
"CDNs accomplish this by providing effective routes between their own servers that can fast-track users to their destination, or if its faster and/or cheaper, another copy of that website destination that is being hosted on another server.",
"This concept and type of service is not new, but is becoming more popular as the internet grows.",
"Websites contract and pay a CDN service, who in turn pays an internet provider to use their servers for their data.",
"An example of CDNs are Google's Hosted Libraries. -- developers.google.com/speed/libraries/#jquery",
"Google hosts these libraries so that your users can load them into your own site much more quickly than if you host them yourself.",
"There's a chance the user's browser is even storing a cached version from visiting a previous page, making the process even quicker. If you aren't familiar with the term 'cache', don't worry, we'll cover that in future videos.",
"As a company, a CDN would be useful if you want your product or site to reach users more efficiently in the larger scheme of their network and the internet as a whole."
"CDNs are not provided through ISPs, but are clients of websites that in turn use servers from an ISP to better deliver the content of the original website to the user."
"CDNs are popular and wide-reaching, and you've probably used one as a website user many times without even knowing it. The end result is that your experience was faster than it could have been without the CDNs services.",
"How computers turn analog sound into digital files, and the pros and cons of data compression.",
"Let's discuss analog vs digital on a very basic level.",
"Most specifically, we'll talk about how computers interpret analog sound and turn it into a digital file.",
"An analog sound wave could look like anything, but for this example it's a wavy line.",
"The computer takes it and measures at lots of different points, turning them into numbers.",
"This is called sampling.",
"Later, the computer can take those numbers and turn them into sound again.",
"Let's also discuss data compression.",
"The benefit of compression is that it's a smaller file: it's easier to store, it's easier to send to someone else, and it just takes up less space.",
"One of the ways this is done in sound is that the sampling is taken less often.",
"Another way is that it takes the measurement from a median point instead of from 0, so the numbers recorded are smaller.",
"In images, it's done by measuring groups of pixels by 16 instead of individually.",
"The takeaway from this video is that you'll want to use digital files as they're a higher quality, and when you're looking at compression, you want to decide how far you are willing to go to ensure the user still has the best possible experience."
"In this video, we go into a little more detail about routers and packets, important concepts to understand about how the internet works.",
"Let's talk more about routers and how they relate to networking.",
"Routers are the things that connect different small area networks.",
"I want to give a metaphor for this: I'm a teacher and I work at a school.",
"Say I have a package that I need to get to someone who works in the district offices.",
"I don't know where she is, I don't know where her office is located, but I know her name.",
"I go to my secretary, like my first router, and I say \"Hey, I need to get this to so-and-so at the district office, can you please help me?\", and she'll say \"Sure, I don't know exactly where her office is either, but I know the next step, I can get it to the district\".",
"So she goes on and sends it to the secretary at the district office, the next router.",
"That secretary has no idea who I am or where I am, but she sees the name on the package and knows the end location.",
"What I'm trying to get across here is that each router only has to know its own little network, the stops right next to it.",
"It doesn't have to know the whole internet, but just its own connections.",
"It can take information and say, alright, I don't know exactly where that's going, but I'll pass it along in the right direction.",
"That's really all it takes.",
"Routers can be different sizes, different capacities, but what they do is know their own neighborhood, take the information, and pass it in the right direction.",
"Another thing we'll get into a little later is that the routers don't even have to have the full package of information.",
"The computers still know how to put the information back together correctly.",
"The little pieces of information that are sent are called packets.",
"Packets are actually little pieces of binary code (drawn on board).",
"This is an example of what packets might look like, a visual representation of the electrical current that the computer can translate into 1's and 0's, which we all know is binary that can represent literally any digital data.",
"These little packets are sent across through routers, and if a file is too large for one packet, it can be broken up into frames (smaller little packets).",
"The frames don't have to take the same route to the end destination.",
"They can take whichever route is open, whichever is fastest, and since they have the end IP address, all of the routers know where to send them.",
"Once they get to the end destination, that computer knows how to put all of the information back together."
"In this video we discuss what source code is, interpreters and compilers, and what open source means.",
"Let's talk about source code: what source code is, where you'll see it, and how the computer makes sense of it.",
"Source code itself is the actual text document that the programmer creates: they type it up, it's letters, numbers, and symbols.",
"If you give that to somebody and have them look at that document on their computer, that's not going to help them view their email, it's not going to be a browser, it's just a text document.",
"The computer has to have a way of interpreting that and making something really powerful run from it.",
"There are two main ways this is done: either by an interpreter or a compiler.",
"Javascript, however, and other interpreter languages, you just write the JavaScript and the browser on the user's end has the capability to interpret it so you don't need a compiler.",
"You may be thinking, \"so what?\", but what's awesome is that if you want to change or improve Free Code Camp, you can write that improvement and maybe get it implemented.",
"It's a great way for websites and software to grow in a strong and fast way because of the community working together to improve it.",
"One unwritten rule of contributing to open source projects is that you should generally submit your improvements to also be open source, and by giving that improvement back to the public, you let others use your improvement as well."
"Variables are used frequently in Javascript and many other coding languages.",
"In this video, we're going to talk about variables in code.",
"Variables, just like in Algebra, are when you have a letter or a word and it represents something else.",
"Here we're doing var x = \"Briana\". When we reference \"x\" later on, it's going to know that's Briana.",
"When we console.log(x), it's going to output \"Briana\".",
"But be careful - if we put console.log(\"x\"), with the x in quotation marks, it will output the letter \"x\".",
"What I want you to take away from this video is that variables exist in code, and you can store everything from a simple string all the way up to a function, all within a simple name."
"Programmers can also be called coders, developers, or software engineers, and what all of these people do is take ideas and turn them into functional code.",
"Computers just read straight down like you would read a book.",
"Programmers are the ones responsible for breaking their ideas down into the little tiny steps and writing them in a way that computers can understand them."
"In Javascript, the console is used as a great tool for debugging and finding out where in your code there's a problem.",
"One of the most important terms you'll need to remember is \"console.log()\".",
"The process of doing this can be put anywhere in the lines of code to help find, identify, and ultimately fix specific issues.",
"Using the Chrome browser and the Chrome console, if we type in \"console.log(\"Free Code Camp rocks!\");\", the console will literally display \"Free Code Camp rocks!\".",
"This will also work with numbers and booleans, which are true/false statements.",
"When consoling words, it's important to put it inside of quotations so it recognizes it's a string."
"Dictionary attacks are programmed to try every word in the dictionary, or in its own database of common words and passwords, as the password for a large mass of usernames.",
"If your password is Kangaroo, they're probably going to break into your account.",
"Most passwords aren't this simple, but that doesn't matter.",
"They attack such a massive amount of accounts that they only need a few passwords that are relatively simple.",
"When creating a password, you want to use different cases, numbers, and symbols, but one of the most effective ways to create a good password is to throw some random letters in there (ex: kangarooSyCA67).",
"Also, stay away from sequential numbers.",
"Phishing, another thing to watch out for, is emails or webpages that mimic other valid sites to try and trick people into entering their personal information, though the site truly isn't connected to the site it's trying to mimic.",
"In general, two ways to safeguard from these attacks are checking the address in the browser and to open a new browser and go to the website that is claiming to contact you.",
"Let's also discuss encryption and HTTPS.",
"If you are at Starbucks trying to access your bank account, you have reason to be suspicious that someone could see and take your information.",
"You will want to look for a green HTTPS instead of HTTP at the beginning of the web address.",
"That means that the site you're sending your information to is encrypting your passwords and other information, scrambling up data according to a code that only they know.",
"In general, whenever you're showing private or sensitive information, check for HTTPS.",
"A few other general tips: don't share passwords between important accounts.",
"If a site you use gets hacked into, your password may be compromised regardless of its strength.",
"Also, don't download strange files.",
"If you don't recognise the file type like .pdf, .txt, .jpg, be wary.",
"Some of these files you download can be very powerful and even run your computer from the inside.",
"Lastly, keep your software updated, particularly software that interacts with the internet.",
"One way that information can be compromised is when 'bad guys' find holes and gaps in security of older versions of softwares.",
"Those bugs have been patched in newer versions, so if you keep everything updated, you'll avoid lots of problems.",
"These are all very basic things you should know about how to keep your information safe on your computer."
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"Keeping software updated will help protect your computer and your information.",