327 lines
9.6 KiB
Markdown
327 lines
9.6 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Basic Operators
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---
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## Basic Operators
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Operators are symbols that tell the interpreter to do a specific operation (e.g. arithmetic, comparison, logical, etc.)
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The different types of operators in Python are listed below:
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1. Arithmetic Operators
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2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
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3. Bitwise Operators
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4. Assignment Operators
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5. Logical Operators
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6. Membership Operators
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7. Identity Operators
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#### Arithmetic Operators
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An arithmetic operator takes two operands as input, performs a calculation and returns the result.
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Consider the expression, <b>“a = 2 + 3”</b>. Here, `2` and `3` are the <i>operands</i> and `+` is the <i>arithmetic operator</i>. The result of the operation is stored in the variable a. (This is because `=` is an assignment operator. See below.)
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<table style="width:100%">
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<tr>
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<th>Operator</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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<th>Usage</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">+</td>
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<td>Performs Addition on the operands</td>
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<td>12 + 3 = 15</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">-</td>
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<td>Performs Subtraction on the operands. <br>Subtracts the right operand from the left operand</td>
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<td>12 - 3 = 9</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">*</td>
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<td>Performs Multiplication on the operands</td>
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<td>12 * 3 = 36</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">/</td>
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<td>Performs 'Floating Point' Division on the operands. <br>Divides the left operand by the right operand <br> (Note: When two INTEGERS are used, the result differs between Python 2 and Python 3.)</td>
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<td>12 / 3 = 4 <br> 5 / 2 = 2 (Python 2) <br> 5 / 2 = 2.5 (Python 3)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">%</td>
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<td>Performs a Modulus on the operands. <br>Returns the remainder obtained while dividing the left operand by the right operand</td>
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<td>16 % 3 = 1</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">**</td>
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<td>Performs an Exponentiation operation. <br>The left operand is raised to the power of right operand</td>
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<td>12 ** 3 = 1728</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">//</td>
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<td>Performs a 'Floor/Integer' Division operation. <br>Returns the integral part of the quotient obtained after diving the left operand by the right operand</td>
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<td>18 // 5 = 3.0</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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Notes:
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- To get the result in floating type, one of the operands must also be of float type.
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- Python arithmetic operations follow the PEMDAS order of precedence.
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#### Comparison (Relational) Operators
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A comparison or relational operator is used to compare two operands to determine the relationship between them. It returns a boolean value based on the condition.
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<table style="width:100%">
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<tr>
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<th>Operator</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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<th>Usage</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">></td>
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<td>Returns 'True' if the left operand is greater than the right operand<br>Returns 'False' otherwise</td>
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<td>12 > 3 returns 'True'</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center"><</td>
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<td>Returns 'True' if the right operand is greater than the left operand<br>Returns 'False' otherwise</td>
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<td>12 < 3 returns 'False'</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">==</td>
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<td>Returns 'True' if both the operands are equal<br>Returns 'False' otherwise</td>
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<td>12 == 3 returns 'False'</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">>=</td>
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<td>Returns 'True' if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand<br>Returns 'False' otherwise</td>
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<td>12 >= 3 returns 'True'</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center"><=</td>
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<td>Returns 'True' if the right operand is greater than or equal to the left operand<br>Returns 'False' otherwise</td>
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<td>12 <= 3 returns 'False'</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">!=</td>
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<td>Returns 'True' if both the operands are not equal<br>Returns 'False' otherwise</td>
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<td>12 != 3 returns 'True'</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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#### Bitwise Operators
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A bitwise operator performs operations on the operands bit by bit.
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Consider a = 2 (in binary notation, 10) and b = 3 (in binary notation, 11) for the below usages.
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<table style="width:100%">
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<tr>
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<th>Operator</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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<th>Usage</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">&</td>
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<td>Performs bitwise AND operation on the operands</td>
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<td>a & b = 2<br>Binary: 10 & 11 = 10</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">|</td>
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<td>Performs bitwise OR operation on the operands</td>
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<td>a | b = 3<br>Binary: 10 | 11 = 11</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">^</td>
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<td>Performs bitwise XOR operation on the operands</td>
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<td>a ^ b = 1<br>Binary: 10 ^ 11 = 01</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">~</td>
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<td>Performs bitwise NOT operation on the operand<br>Flips every bit in the operand</td>
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<td>~a = -3<br>Binary: ~(00000010) = (11111101)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">>></td>
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<td>Performs a bitwise right shift. Shifts the bits of left operand, right by the number of bits specified as the right operand </td>
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<td>a >> b = 0<br>Binary: 00000010 >> 00000011 = 00000000</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center"><<</td>
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<td>Performs a bitwise left shift. Shifts the bits of left operand, left by the number of bits specified as the right operand </td>
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<td>a << b = 16<br>Binary: 00000010 << 00000011 = 00001000</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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#### Assignment Operators
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An assignment operator is used to assign values to a variable. This is usually combined with other operators (like arithmetic, bitwise, etc.) where the operation is performed on the operands and the result is assigned to the left operand.
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Consider the following examples,
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<br>
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<b>a = 18</b>. Here `=` is an assignment operator, and the result is stored in variable a.
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<br>
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<b>a += 10</b>. Here `+=` is an assignment operator, and the result is stored in variable a. This is same as a = a + 10.
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<table style="width:100%">
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<tr>
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<th>Operator</th>
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<th>Usage</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">=</td>
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<td>a = 5. The value 5 is assigned to the variable a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">+=</td>
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<td>a += 5 is equivalent to a = a + 5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">-=</td>
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<td>a -= 5 is equivalent to a = a - 5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">*=</td>
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<td>a *= 3 is equivalent to a = a * 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">/=</td>
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<td>a /= 3 is equivalent to a = a / 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">%=</td>
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<td>a %= 3 is equivalent to a = a % 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">**=</td>
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<td>a **= 3 is equivalent to a = a ** 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">//=</td>
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<td>a //= 3 is equivalent to a = a // 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">&=</td>
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<td>a &= 3 is equivalent to a = a & 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">|=</td>
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<td>a |= 3 is equivalent to a = a | 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">^=</td>
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<td>a ^= 3 is equivalent to a = a ^ 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">>>=</td>
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<td>a >>= 3 is equivalent to a = a >> 3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center"><<=</td>
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<td>a <<= 3 is equivalent to a = a << 3</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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#### Logical Operators
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A logical operator is used to make a decision based on multiple conditions. The logical operators used in Python are
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`and`, `or` and `not`
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<table style="width:100%">
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<tr>
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<th>Operator</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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<th>Usage</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">and</td>
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<td>Returns True if both the operands are True<br>Returns False otherwise</td>
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<td>a and b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">or</td>
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<td>Returns True if any one of the operands are True<br>Returns False otherwise</td>
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<td>a or b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="center">not</td>
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<td>Returns True if the operand is False<br>Returns False otherwise</td>
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<td>not a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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</table>
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#### Membership Operators
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A membership operator is used to identify membership in any sequence (e.g. lists, strings, tuples).
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<br>`in` and `not in` are membership operators
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<br>`in` returns True if the specified value is found in the sequence. Returns False otherwise.
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<br>`not in` returns True if the specified value is not found in the sequence. Returns False otherwise.
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###### Example Usage
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```py
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a = [1,2,3,4,5]
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#Is 3 in the list a?
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print( 3 in a ) # prints True
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#Is 12 not in list a?
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print( 12 not in a ) # prints True
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str = "Hello World"
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#Does the string str contain World?
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print( "World" in str ) # prints True
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#Does the string str contain world? (note: case sensitive)
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print( "world" in str ) # prints False
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print( "code" not in str ) # prints True
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```
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#### Identity Operators
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An identity operator is used to check if two variables share the same memory location.
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<br>`is` and `is not` are identity operators
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<br>`is` returns True if the operands refer to the same object. Returns False otherwise.
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<br>`is not` returns True if the operands do not refer to the same object. Returns False otherwise.
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Please note that two values being equal does not necessarily require they be identical.
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###### Example Usage
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```py
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a = 3
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b = 3
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c = 4
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print( a is b ) # prints True
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print( a is not b ) # prints False
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print( a is not c ) # prints True
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x = 1
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y = x
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z = y
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print( z is 1 ) # prints True
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print( z is x ) # prints True
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print( y is x ) # prints True
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str1 = "FreeCodeCamp"
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str2 = "FreeCodeCamp"
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print( str1 is str2 ) # prints True
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print( "Code" is str2 ) # prints False
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a = [10,20,30]
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b = [10,20,30]
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print( a is b ) # prints False (since lists are mutable in Python)
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print( str1[:4] )
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# Above code gives the output as Free
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print( str[4:] )
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# Above code gives the output as CodeCamp
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```
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